What are the health effects of local diets?

Researchers from twelve countries are mapping local diets worldwide. Through the World Diet Initiative, they are also studying their health effects. Previous studies have already identified effects on inflammation, the immune system, metabolism, and insulin resistance. However, many traditional dietary patterns are disappearing rapidly. The researchers therefore aim to preserve this knowledge before it is lost.

Major differences between diets

Research institutes from twelve countries are collaborating on the initiative. They are creating an atlas of dietary patterns, preparation methods, and eating habits. They are also studying their effects on the immune system, microbiome, and metabolism.

Local diets vary considerably. Masai communities in East Africa consume many animal-based products. These include milk, meat, and sometimes blood. In Ethiopia and Tanzania, plant-based foods are more common. Examples include vegetables, herbs, and grains, which are often fermented.

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease have traditionally been uncommon in these communities. Researchers want to understand how these diverse diets affect health. According to Quirijn de Mast, an internist at Radboud university medical center, time is running out. Many traditional dietary patterns may disappear within a few years.

Eating habits are changing rapidly

Urbanization and economic development are changing local eating habits. The food chain is also becoming increasingly interconnected worldwide. As a result, people eat less traditional food and buy more processed products.

The Mediterranean and Japanese diets have received the most attention so far. Research links both dietary patterns to various health benefits. A study also appeared in Nature Medicine last year. Participants switched to a traditional African diet for two weeks. The diet was rich in vegetables and fiber. The switch had a clear effect on the immune system and metabolism. Inflammation also decreased.

Small studies have found interesting biological effects in other diets as well. A traditional Korean diet reduced inflammation. Traditional Mexican foods lowered insulin resistance. This allows the body to absorb glucose from the blood more effectively. It also reduces the risk of obesity.

Radboudumc.nl