Compliance with mercury advice in fish under scrutiny

Compliance with dietary advice on mercury in fish is once again drawing attention. New research by EFSA maps how often Europeans consume fish with higher mercury levels and to what extent national guidance is being followed. The findings are relevant for producers, importers, and retailers across the seafood supply chain.

EU study on consumption and guidance

The European Commission asked EFSA to conduct a large-scale survey. The request followed discussions with Member States about the Maximum Levels (MLs) for mercury in different fish species. A potential update of the risk assessment on mercury in food also plays a role. Large predatory fish in particular fall under the highest limit of 1.0 mg/kg. Examples include shark, swordfish, and tuna (bigeye and bluefin). Due to their position in the food chain, mercury accumulates in these species over time.

The first survey was conducted in 2023 across all 27 EU Member States, as well as Iceland and Norway. A second survey followed in fifteen countries, ten of which had revised their national guidance. Pregnant women were deliberately included in the sample because of the fetus’s sensitivity to methylmercury.

One in three regularly consumes species at highest limit

Sixty percent of respondents report eating fish or seafood. Of this group, around one-third consume species with the highest mercury limit three times per week or more. This applies to 34% of adolescents and adults and 33% of pregnant women. EFSA stresses that these findings should be interpreted with caution due to uncertainties regarding the representativeness of the surveys.

Most Member States recommend one to two portions per week of species containing 1.0 mg/kg of mercury. For species with lower limits (0.5 or 0.3 mg/kg), the recommendation is three to four portions per week. Pregnant women are often advised to replace large fish species with smaller alternatives.

Awareness varies by country

According to EFSA, about half of consumers are aware of the health benefits of eating fish. Only one in ten is aware of the associated health risks. Mercury is, however, the most widely recognized contaminant. EFSA also notes that many consumers say they are aware of national guidance and take it into account in their choices. In practice, factors such as taste, price, and the intention to maintain a healthy diet play a greater role in shaping eating behavior.

The results show differences between countries and target groups. These insights may support national authorities in further communication on fish consumption and mercury.

Efsa.europa.eu