Pyrolysis on the rise, concerns about harmful substances

Turning plastic waste into new raw materials seems like a logical step towards circularity. But safety for people and the environment should not be overlooked. A recent study by RIVM points to potential risks when using pyrolysis—a promising recycling method that produces oil from plastic waste.

Growing use of pyrolysis

Pyrolysis involves heating plastic waste in the absence of oxygen. The result is an oil that serves as a feedstock for new plastics. The method is being used more frequently, partly due to European targets for the reuse of materials. Compared to mechanical recycling techniques, pyrolysis offers new opportunities, though the technology is still evolving.

Identifying hazardous substances

RIVM examined which Substances of Very High Concern (SVHCs) may be present in pyrolysis oil. Some of these substances are already in the waste, while others may form during the process. The oil undergoes post-treatment to remove interfering or harmful substances, such as chlorine-containing compounds. However, it remains unclear how much SVHC content remains in the oil after treatment.

Recommendation: measure more, share more

RIVM calls for more measurements and improved data sharing regarding SVHCs in pyrolysis oil. Based on scientific literature and stakeholder interviews, the institute compiled a list of expected substances. This list is provisional and may be updated as new data becomes available. RIVM advises Rijkswaterstaat to include this information and its recommendations in the guideline End-of-waste criteria for pyrolysis oil. The guideline is intended to support companies and licensing authorities in applying this recycling technique safely.

View the report ‘Pyrolysis in plastic packaging’ (Dutch only)
Rivm.nl